Binomial Theorem 二項式定理 (a + b)ⁿ = C₀ⁿ·aⁿ + C₁ⁿ·aⁿ⁻¹·b + C₂ⁿ·aⁿ⁻²·b² + … + Cᵣⁿ·aⁿ⁻ʳ·bʳ + … + Cₙⁿ·bⁿ ∑ (from r = 0 to n) of Cᵣⁿ·aⁿ⁻ʳ·bʳ Trigonometry 三角學 csc θ = 1⁄sin θ sec θ = 1⁄cos θ cot θ = 1⁄tan θ tan θ = sin θ⁄cos θ, cot θ = cos θ⁄sin θ sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ 1 + cot²θ = csc²θ Constant e 數學常數 e limₙ→∞ (1 + x⁄ₙ)ⁿ = eˣ eˣ = 1 + x + x²⁄2! + x³⁄3! + … = ∑ᵣ₌₀^∞ xʳ⁄r! ln(eʸ) = y eˡⁿ⁽ˣ⁾ = x Logarithm 對數 ln MN = ln M + ln N ln (M⁄N) = ln M − ln N ln Mᵏ = k·ln M ln N = logₐN⁄logₐe (where a > 0 and a ≠ 1) Limits 極限 limₓ→ₐ k = k limₓ→ₐ k·f(x) = k·limₓ→ₐ f(x) limₓ→ₐ [f(x) ± g(x)] = limₓ→ₐ f(x) ± limₓ→ₐ g(x) limₓ→ₐ [f(x)·g(x)] = (limₓ→ₐ f(x))·(limₓ→ₐ g(x)) limₓ→ₐ [f(x)/g(x)] = (limₓ→ₐ f(x))⁄(limₓ→ₐ g(x)) = L⁄M, if M ≠ 0 Special Limits 特別極限 limθ→0 (sin θ⁄θ) = 1 limx→0 ((eˣ − 1)⁄x) = 1 Basic Differentiation 基本微分 First Principle 基本原理 dy⁄dx = f′(x) = limΔx→0 [(f(x + Δx) − f(x))⁄Δx] Basic Differentiation Formula 基本微分公式 d/dx(k) = 0 d/dx(xⁿ) = n·xⁿ⁻¹ d/dx(k·u) = k·du/dx d/dx(u + v) = du/dx + dv/dx d/dx(u·v) = u·dv/dx + v·du/dx d/dx(u⁄v) = (v·du/dx − u·dv/dx)⁄v² dy/dx = dy/du · du/dx Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions 三角函數 d/dx(sin x) = cos x d/dx(cos x) = −sin x d/dx(tan x) = sec²x Differentiation of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions 指數函數和對數函數 d/dx(eˣ) = eˣ d/dx(ln x) = 1⁄x Rate of Change 變率 Equation of the tangent at P:y − y₁ = f′(x₁)(x − x₁) Instantaneous velocity:v = ds/dt Instantaneous acceleration:a = dv/dt = d²s/dt² Indefinite integration 不定積分 Basic Indefinite Integrals 基本不定積分 ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C ∫ k dx = k·x + C, where k is a constant ∫ xⁿ dx = x⁽ⁿ⁺¹⁾⁄(n + 1) + C, where n ≠ −1 ∫ 1⁄x dx = ln|x| + C, where x ≠ 0 ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C ∫ k·f(x) dx = k·∫ f(x) dx, where k is a constant ∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx Trigonometric Integrals 三角學積分 ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C Integration by Substitution 代換積分 ∫ f(g(x))·g′(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du, where g′(x)·dx = du Integration by Part 分部積分 ∫ f(x)·d[g(x)] = f(x)·g(x) − ∫ g(x)·d[f(x)] Definite Integration 定積分 Basic Definite Integrals ∫a to b f(x) dx = ∫a to b f(u) du, where x and u are variables ∫a to b k·f(x) dx = k·∫a to b f(x) dx ∫a to b [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫a to b f(x) dx ± ∫a to b g(x) dx ∫a to a f(x) dx = 0 ∫b to a f(x) dx = −∫a to b f(x) dx ∫a to c f(x) dx + ∫c to b f(x) dx, where a ≤ c ≤ b ∫a to b f′(x) dx = F(b) − F(a) ∫g(a) to g(b) f(g(x))·g′(x) dx = ∫g(a) to g(b) f(u) du = [f(x)·g(x)]ba − ∫a to b g(x)·d[f(x)] Area and Volume by Definite Integration A = ∫a to b [f(x) − g(x)] dx V = π·∫a to b {[f(x)]² − [g(x)]²} dx Definite Integration with Odd and Even functions Odd functions ∫−a to a f(x) dx = 0 Even functions ∫−a to a f(x) dx = 2·∫0 to a f(x) dx Determinants 行列式 Expanding Determinants 2×2 Matrix Determinant: | a₁₁ a₁₂ || a₂₁ a₂₂ |= a₁₁·a₂₂ − a₁₂·a₂₁ 3×3 Matrix Determinant: | a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ | = a₁₁·a₂₂·a₃₃ + a₁₂·a₂₃·a₃₁ + a₁₃·a₂₁·a₃₂ − a₁₃·a₂₂·a₃₁ − a₁₁·a₂₃·a₃₂ − a₁₂·a₂₁·a₃₃ Rules of Determinants Determinant remains the same when transposing the matrix | a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ |=| a₁₁ a₂₁ a₃₁ || a₁₂ a₂₂ a₃₂ || a₁₃ a₂₃ a₃₃ | Swapping two rows of a determinant changes the sign of the determinant | a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ |= −| a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ | Mltiplying a single row of a matrix by a scalar k is equivalent to multiplying the entire determinant by k | k·a₁₁ k·a₁₂ k·a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ |= k·| a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ | Row Addition Property This shows that adding a scalar multiple of one row to another does not change the determinant. | a₁₁ + k·a₂₁ a₁₂ + k·a₂₂ a₁₃ + k·a₂₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ |=| a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ | Column Addition Property This shows that adding a scalar multiple of one column to another also does not change the determinant. | a₁₁ + k·a₁₂ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ + k·a₂₂ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ + k·a₃₂ a₃₂ a₃₃ |=| a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ | Determinant Properties det(AB) = det A · det B det I = 1, where I is the identity matrix det 0 = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix Matrix 矩陣 Scalar multiplication n·[a b cd e f] = [n·a n·b n·cn·d n·e n·f] Matrix addition [a bc de f] + [g hi jk l] = [a+g b+hc+i d+je+k f+l] Matrix multiplication Matrix A A =a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ Matrix B B =b₁₁ b₁₂b₂₁ b₂₂b₃₁ b₃₂ Resulting Matrix C = A × B C =c₁₁ = a₁₁·b₁₁ + a₁₂·b₂₁ + a₁₃·b₃₁c₁₂ = a₁₁·b₁₂ + a₁₂·b₂₂ + a₁₃·b₃₂c₂₁ = a₂₁·b₁₁ + a₂₂·b₂₁ + a₂₃·b₃₁c₂₂ = a₂₁·b₁₂ + a₂₂·b₂₂ + a₂₃·b₃₂ Other matrix Property A⁻¹ = 1 / det(A) · adj(A) (A⁻¹)⁻¹ = A (λ·A)⁻¹ = 1 / λ · A⁻¹ (Aᵀ)⁻¹ = (A⁻¹)ᵀ (A·B)⁻¹ = B⁻¹·A⁻¹ (Aⁿ)⁻¹ = (A⁻¹)ⁿ det(A⁻¹) = 1 / det(A), if det(A) ≠ 0 System of Linear Equations 線性方程式 X = A⁻¹·B Δ =| a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || a₂₁ a₂₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ a₃₂ a₃₃ | Δₓ =| b₁ a₁₂ a₁₃ || b₂ a₂₂ a₂₃ || b₃ a₃₂ a₃₃ | Δᵧ =| a₁₁ b₁ a₁₃ || a₂₁ b₂ a₂₃ || a₃₁ b₃ a₃₃ | Δz =| a₁₁ α₁₂ b₁ || α₂₁ α₂₂ b₂ || α₃₁ α₃₂ b₃ | If Δ ≠ 0, then the system has a unique solution x x = Δₓ / Δy = Δᵧ / Δz = Δ_z /